{"id":69,"date":"2025-08-17T10:25:52","date_gmt":"2025-08-17T02:25:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ulpcb.com\/?page_id=69"},"modified":"2025-08-30T23:32:05","modified_gmt":"2025-08-30T15:32:05","slug":"pcb-impedance-design","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ulpcb.com\/ko\/production-capacity\/pcb-impedance-design\/","title":{"rendered":"PCB Impedance Design"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"69\" class=\"elementor elementor-69\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-negative-gap elementor-element elementor-element-10babb0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"10babb0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5247087 wd-el-breadcrumbs text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_element_breadcrumbs\" data-id=\"5247087\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" 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data-widget-number=\"187607528\" aria-label=\"\u9009\u9879\u5361\u3002\u4f7f\u7528 Enter \u6216 Space \u6253\u5f00\u9879\u76ee\uff0c\u4f7f\u7528 ESC \u5173\u95ed\u5e76\u4f7f\u7528\u7bad\u5934\u952e\u5bfc\u822a\u3002\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-heading\" role=\"tablist\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button id=\"e-n-tab-title-1876075281\" data-tab-title-id=\"e-n-tab-title-1876075281\" class=\"e-n-tab-title\" aria-selected=\"true\" data-tab-index=\"1\" role=\"tab\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"e-n-tab-content-1876075281\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tDatasheet\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1876075281\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1876075281\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-d67f4b7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d67f4b7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wd-negative-gap elementor-element elementor-element-59876d2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"59876d2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4520819 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_text_block\" data-id=\"4520819\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_text_block.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-text-block reset-last-child text-left\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"0\" data-line=\"true\"><h1 class=\"heading-h1\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u7efc\u5408\u7c7b\u578b\u7684PCB\u963b\u6297\u8bbe\u8ba1<\/span><\/span><\/h1><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"1\" data-line=\"true\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">**<\/span><\/span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/p9-flow-imagex-sign.byteimg.com\/ocean-cloud-tos\/image_skill\/97174055-cb5b-4794-855f-d710421c70d9_1756567250494692852_origin~tplv-a9rns2rl98-image-qvalue.jpeg?rk3s=6823e3d0&amp;x-expires=1788103251&amp;x-signature=alv8tNSCbLcTuF0p1%2B1dH6NZFhI%3D\" \/><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"2\" data-line=\"true\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u5728\u5370\u5237\u7535\u8def\u677f\uff08PCB\uff09\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u590d\u6742\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u963b\u6297\u63a7\u5236\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u9690\u5f62\u5b88\u62a4\u8005\u201d\u4fdd\u969c\u7740\u4fe1\u53f7\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u3002\u5b83\u76f4\u63a5\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u9ad8\u901f\u3001\u9ad8\u9891\u4fe1\u53f7\u80fd\u5426\u7a33\u5b9a\u4f20\u8f93\u800c\u4e0d\u5931\u771f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u57285G\u901a\u4fe1\u3001\u6c7d\u8f66\u7535\u5b50\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u63a7\u5236\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u662f\u6838\u5fc3\u79d1\u6280\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u5927\u5bb6\u719f\u77e5\u7684\u5dee\u5206\u963b\u6297\u548c\u5355\u7aef\u963b\u6297\u4e4b\u5916\uff0cPCB\u963b\u6297\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u6839\u636e\u4e0d\u540c\u5e94\u7528\u573a\u5408\u5b9a\u5236\u7684\u591a\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u6bcf\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u90fd\u6709\u5176\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u7279\u5f81\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u8fb9\u754c\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u7ed3\u5408\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u6848\u4f8b\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u56fe\u5bf9\u4e3b\u8981\u7c7b\u578bPCB\u963b\u6297\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u5206\u6790\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"3\" data-line=\"true\"><h2 class=\"heading-h2\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">1. \u5355\u7aef\u963b\u6297\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff1a\u4f4e\u901f\u573a\u666f\u7684\u201c\u57fa\u672c\u901a\u7528\u578b\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/h2><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"4\" data-line=\"true\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u5355-ended\u963b\u6297\u8bbe\u8ba1\u662fPCB\u963b\u6297\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u6700\u57fa\u7840\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5176\u7ed3\u6784\u7531\u4e00\u6839\u4fe1\u53f7\u8d70\u7ebf\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56de\u8def\u7684\u63a5\u5730\u5e73\u9762\uff08\u6216\u7535\u6e90\u5e73\u9762\uff09\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u63a7\u5236\u5355\u4e2a\u8d70\u7ebf\u7684\u7279\u6027\u963b\u6297\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u963b\u6297\u4e0e\u6e90\u548c\u8d1f\u8f7d\uff08\u5982\u82af\u7247\u3001\u8fde\u63a5\u5668\uff09\u5339\u914d\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u4fe1\u53f7\u53cd\u5c04\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"5\" data-line=\"true\"><h3 class=\"heading-h3\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">1.1 \u7ed3\u6784\u539f\u5219\u548c\u5173\u952e\u5f71\u54cd\u56e0\u7d20<\/span><\/span><\/h3><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"6\" data-line=\"true\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u5355\u7aef\u963b\u6297\u8ff9\u7ebf\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u201c\u4fe1\u53f7\u8ff9\u7ebf - \u63a5\u5730\u5e73\u9762\u201d\u7ed3\u6784\u6765\u5f62\u6210\u4f20\u8f93\u7ebf\u3002\u7279\u6027\u963b\u6297\uff08\\(Z_0\\)\uff09\u4e3b\u8981\u53d7\u56db\u4e2a\u56e0\u7d20\u5f71\u54cd\uff1a<\/span><\/span><\/div><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u8d70\u7ebf\u5bbd\u5ea6 (W)<\/span><\/span><\/b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\uff1a\u5728\u76f8\u540c\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\uff0c\u66f4\u5bbd\u7684\u8d70\u7ebf\u53ef\u4ee5\u964d\u4f4e\u963b\u6297\uff08\u5bfc\u4f53\u9762\u79ef\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u51cf\u5c11\u7535\u963b\u548c\u7535\u5bb9\u6548\u5e94\uff09\uff1b<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u94dc\u7b94\u539a\u5ea6 (T)<\/span><\/span><\/b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\uff1a\u66f4\u539a\u7684\u94dc\u7b94\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c70\u03bcm \u800c\u4e0d\u662f 35\u03bcm\uff09\u901a\u8fc7\u589e\u52a0\u5bfc\u7535\u6a2a\u622a\u9762\u7a0d\u5fae\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u963b\u6297\uff1b<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u8d70\u7ebf\u5230\u63a5\u5730\u5e73\u9762\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb (H)<\/span><\/span><\/b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\uff1a\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684 H \u589e\u5927\u4e86\u8d70\u7ebf\u548c\u63a5\u5730\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7535\u5bb9\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u964d\u4f4e\u4e86\u963b\u6297\uff1b<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u886c\u5e95\u4ecb\u7535\u5e38\u6570 (<\/span><\/span><\/b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\\(\\epsilon_r\\)<\/span><\/span><b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">)<\/span><\/span><\/b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\uff1a\u8f83\u9ad8\u7684 \\(\\epsilon_r\\)\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cFR-4 \u7684 \\(\\epsilon_r\\) \u2248 4.5 \u5bf9\u6bd4 PTFE \u7684 \\(\\epsilon_r\\) \u2248 2.2\uff09\u589e\u52a0\u4e86\u8d70\u7ebf\u4e0e\u63a5\u5730\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u7535\u5bb9\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5bfc\u81f4\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u963b\u6297\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"11\" data-line=\"true\"><h3 class=\"heading-h3\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">1.2 \u8ba1\u7b97\u516c\u5f0f\u548c\u5b9e\u9645\u6821\u51c6<\/span><\/span><\/h3><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"12\" data-line=\"true\">For microstrip single-ended traces (trace on the PCB surface, ground plane below), the classic calculation formula is:<\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"13\" data-line=\"true\">\\(Z_0 = \\frac{87}{\\sqrt{\\epsilon_r + 1.41}} \\ln\\left(\\frac{5.98H}{0.8W + T}\\right)\\)<\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"14\" data-line=\"true\">In actual design, since the formula is derived under ideal conditions (ignoring trace edge effects and substrate unevenness), calibration is required using professional software (such as Altium Designer's Impedance Calculator, Polar SI9000). For example, when designing a single-ended trace with \\(Z_0\\) = 50\u03a9 on an FR-4 substrate (\\(\\epsilon_r\\) = 4.5, H = 1.6mm), the calculated trace width W is approximately 1.2mm. However, considering the edge effect of the trace (the actual dielectric constant near the trace edge is lower than the bulk material), the actual width needs to be adjusted to 1.1mm to achieve the target impedance.<\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"15\" data-line=\"true\"><h3 class=\"heading-h3\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">1.3 \u5e94\u7528\u573a\u666f\u548c\u4f18\u52bf<\/span><\/span><\/h3><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"16\" data-line=\"true\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u5355\u7aef\u963b\u6297\u8bbe\u8ba1\u56e0\u5176\u7b80\u5355\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u548c\u4f4e\u6210\u672c\u800c\u5728\u4f4e\u901f\u3001\u4f4e\u9891\u7535\u8def\uff08\u4fe1\u53f7\u9891\u7387\u2264100MHz\uff0c\u4f20\u8f93\u901f\u7387\u2264100Mbps\uff09\u4e2d\u88ab\u5e7f\u6cdb\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5178\u578b\u5e94\u7528\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/span><\/span><\/div><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u6d88\u8d39\u7535\u5b50\u4ea7\u54c1<\/span><\/span><\/b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\uff1aArduino\u5f00\u53d1\u677f\uff08\u5c06\u5fae\u63a7\u5236\u5668\u8fde\u63a5\u5230GPIO\u5f15\u811a\uff09\uff0c\u7535\u89c6\u9065\u63a7\u5668\u7535\u8def\u677f\uff08\u6309\u94ae\u548c\u82af\u7247\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\u4f20\u8f93\uff09\uff1b<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u5de5\u4e1a\u63a7\u5236<\/span><\/span><\/b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\uff1a\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u4fe1\u53f7\u7ebf\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6e29\u5ea6\u4f20\u611f\u5668 DS18B20 \u8f93\u51fa\u8d70\u7ebf\uff09\u3001\u7ee7\u7535\u5668\u63a7\u5236\u4fe1\u53f7\u7ebf\uff1b<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u6c7d\u8f66\u7535\u5b50<\/span><\/span><\/b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\uff1a\u8f66\u8f7d\u5a31\u4e50\u7cfb\u7edf\u63a7\u5236\u7ebf\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\uff0cCD \u64ad\u653e\u5668\u6309\u94ae\u4fe1\u53f7\u8def\u5f84\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"20\" data-line=\"true\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u5b83\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u4f18\u70b9\u662f\uff1a<\/span><\/span><\/div><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u7b80\u5355\u5e03\u5c40<\/span><\/span><\/b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\uff1a\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5355\u4e2a\u4fe1\u53f7\u53ea\u9700\u8981\u4e00\u6761\u8ff9\u7ebf\uff0c\u8282\u7701PCB\u7a7a\u95f4\uff08\u5bf9\u7d27\u51d1\u578b\u6d88\u8d39\u4ea7\u54c1\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff09\uff1b<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u4f4e\u6210\u672c<\/span><\/span><\/b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\uff1a\u65e0\u9700\u914d\u5bf9\u8ff9\u7ebf\u5bf9\u51c6\u6216\u5c4f\u853d\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u8bbe\u8ba1\u548c\u5236\u9020\u7684\u590d\u6742\u6027\uff1b<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u6210\u719f\u5de5\u827a<\/span><\/span><\/b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\uff1a\u517c\u5bb9\u666e\u901a\u7684PCB\u5236\u9020\u5de5\u827a\uff08\u4e0d\u9700\u8981\u7279\u6b8a\u7684\u8680\u523b\u6216\u5c42\u538b\u5de5\u827a\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"24\" data-line=\"true\"><h3 class=\"heading-h3\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">1.4 \u63d2\u56fe<\/span><\/span><\/h3><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"25\" data-line=\"true\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">**<\/span><\/span><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/example.com\/single-ended-impedance-detail.png\" alt=\"\u5355\u7aef\u963b\u6297\u8ddf\u8e2a\u7ed3\u6784\" \/><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"26\" data-line=\"true\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u8be5\u56fe\u663e\u793a\u4e86\u5355\u7aef\u5fae\u5e26\u7ebf\u7684\u6a2a\u622a\u9762\u56fe\u3002\u7ea2\u8272\u90e8\u5206\u662f35\u5fae\u7c73\u539a\u7684\u94dc\u7ebf\uff08W = 1.1\u6beb\u7c73\uff09\uff0c\u7070\u8272\u90e8\u5206\u662fFR-4\u57fa\u677f\uff08H = 1.6\u6beb\u7c73\uff0c\\(\\epsilon_r\\) = 4.5\uff09\uff0c\u7eff\u8272\u90e8\u5206\u662f\u63a5\u5730\u5e73\u9762\u3002\u4fe1\u53f7\u6cbf\u7740\u7ebf\u6d41\u52a8\uff0c\u8fd4\u56de\u7535\u6d41\u901a\u8fc7\u63a5\u5730\u5e73\u9762\u5f62\u6210\u56de\u8def\uff08\u8fd4\u56de\u7535\u6d41\u96c6\u4e2d\u5728\u5728\u7ebf\u6b63\u4e0b\u65b9\u7684\u533a\u57df\uff0c\u79f0\u4e3a\u201c\u76ae\u80a4\u6548\u5e94\u201d\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"27\" data-line=\"true\"><h2 class=\"heading-h2\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">2. \u5dee\u5206\u963b\u6297\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff1a\u6297\u5e72\u6270\u7684\u201c\u9ad8\u901f\u82af\u578b\u201d<\/span><\/span><\/h2><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"28\" data-line=\"true\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u5dee\u5206\u963b\u6297\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4f7f\u7528\u4e24\u4e2a\u7d27\u5bc6\u95f4\u8ddd\u7684\u5e73\u884c\u4fe1\u53f7\u8d70\u7ebf\u6765\u4f20\u8f93\u5dee\u5206\u4fe1\u53f7\uff08\u4e24\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u5e45\u5ea6\u4e14\u76f8\u4f4d\u76f8\u53cd\u7684\u4fe1\u53f7\uff09\u3002\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u63a7\u5236\u8fd9\u4e24\u4e2a\u8d70\u7ebf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u5206\u963b\u6297\uff08\\(Z_{diff}\\)\uff09\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5b83\u4f9d\u9760\u201c\u5171\u6a21\u566a\u58f0\u62b5\u6d88\u201d\u6548\u5e94\u6765\u5b9e\u73b0\u9ad8\u6297\u5e72\u6270\u6027\u80fd\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u4e3a\u9ad8\u901f\u4fe1\u53f7\u4f20\u8f93\u7684\u9996\u9009\u65b9\u6848\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"29\" data-line=\"true\"><h3 class=\"heading-h3\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">2.1 \u7ed3\u6784\u539f\u7406\u548c\u5171\u6a21\u566a\u58f0\u6d88\u9664\u673a\u5236<\/span><\/span><\/h3><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"30\" data-line=\"true\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u5dee\u5206\u5bf9\u7531\u4e24\u4e2a\u5177\u6709\u76f8\u540c\u963b\u6297\u7684\u8d70\u7ebf\uff08\u8d70\u7ebfA\u548c\u8d70\u7ebfB\uff09\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u5f53\u4f20\u8f93\u4fe1\u53f7\u65f6\uff1a<\/span><\/span><\/div><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u8ff9\u7ebfA\u4f20\u8f93\u4fe1\u53f7\\(V_{in}\\)\uff0c\u8ff9\u7ebfB\u4f20\u8f93\u4fe1\u53f7\\(-V_{in}\\)\uff1b<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u5916\u90e8\u5e72\u6270\uff08\u5982\u76f8\u90bb\u8d70\u7ebf\u7684\u7535\u78c1\u8f90\u5c04\uff09\u5728\u4e24\u6761\u8d70\u7ebf\u4e0a\u4ea7\u751f\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u5171\u6a21\u566a\u58f0 \\(V_n\\)\uff1b<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u5728\u63a5\u6536\u7aef\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u8ba1\u7b97\u4e24\u6761\u8ff9\u7ebf\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u5dee\u503c\u6062\u590d\u4fe1\u53f7\uff1a\\((V_{in} + V_n) - (-V_{in} + V_n) = 2V_{in}\\)\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u5171\u6a21\u566a\u58f0 \\(V_n\\) \u5b8c\u5168\u88ab\u6d88\u9664\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"34\" data-line=\"true\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u8fd9\u79cd\u673a\u5236\u4f7f\u5dee\u5206\u5bf9\u5728\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7535\u78c1\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\uff08\u4f8b\u5982\u57285G\u57fa\u7ad9\u6216\u6c7d\u8f66ECU\u5185\u90e8\uff09\u4e5f\u80fd\u4fdd\u6301\u4fe1\u53f7\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"35\" data-line=\"true\"><h3 class=\"heading-h3\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">2.2 \u5dee\u5206\u5bf9\u7684\u7c7b\u578b\u548c\u963b\u6297\u8ba1\u7b97<\/span><\/span><\/h3><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"36\" data-line=\"true\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u5dee\u5206\u5bf9\u6839\u636e\u5176\u5728\u5370\u5237\u7535\u8def\u677f\u4e0a\u7684\u4f4d\u7f6e\u5206\u4e3a\u4e24\u79cd\u7ed3\u6784\u5f62\u5f0f\uff1a<\/span><\/span><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"37\" data-line=\"true\"><h4 class=\"heading-h4\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">2.2.1 \u5fae\u5e26\u5dee\u5206\u5bf9\uff08\u8868\u9762\u8d34\u88c5\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/h4><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"38\" data-line=\"true\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u4e24\u6761\u4fe1\u53f7\u7ebf\u4f4d\u4e8ePCB\u8868\u9762\uff0c\u4e0b\u9762\u6709\u4e00\u4e2a\u5730\u5e73\u9762\u3002\u5dee\u5206\u963b\u6297\u8ba1\u7b97\u516c\u5f0f\u662f\uff1a<\/span><\/span><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"39\" data-line=\"true\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\\(Z_{diff} = 2Z_0(1 - k)\\)<\/span><\/span><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"40\" data-line=\"true\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u5176\u4e2d \\(Z_0\\) \u662f\u5355\u6761\u8d70\u7ebf\u7684\u5355\u7aef\u963b\u6297\uff0c\\(k\\) \u662f\u8026\u5408\u7cfb\u6570\uff08\u8303\u56f4\u4ece 0.1 \u5230 0.3\uff0c\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u8d70\u7ebf\u95f4\u8ddd \\(S\\)\uff1a\u8f83\u5c0f\u7684 \\(S\\) \u589e\u5927 \\(k\\)\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"41\" data-line=\"true\"><h4 class=\"heading-h4\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">2.2.2 \u5761\u9053\u5dee\u5206\u5bf9\uff08\u5d4c\u5165\u5f0f\uff09<\/span><\/span><\/h4><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"42\" data-line=\"true\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u4e24\u6761\u8ff9\u7ebf\u5d4c\u5165\u5728\u4e24\u4e2a\u63a5\u5730\u5e73\u9762\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u5c4f\u853d\u6027\u80fd\u3002\u8ba1\u7b97\u516c\u5f0f\u662f\uff1a<\/span><\/span><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"43\" data-line=\"true\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\\(Z_{diff} = \\frac{120}{\\sqrt{\\epsilon_r}} \\ln\\left(\\frac{2B}{0.8W + T}\\right) \\times (1 - k)\\)<\/span><\/span><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"44\" data-line=\"true\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u5176\u4e2d \\(B\\) \u662f\u4e0a\u5730\u5e73\u9762\u548c\u4e0b\u5730\u5e73\u9762\u4e4b\u95f4\u7684\u8ddd\u79bb\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"45\" data-line=\"true\">In practical design, common differential impedance standards include 90\u03a9 (Ethernet, HDMI 2.0), 100\u03a9 (USB 3.0, PCIe 4.0), and 110\u03a9 (SATA III). For example, when designing a PCIe 4.0 differential pair on an FR-4 substrate (\\(\\epsilon_r\\) = 4.5, B = 2.0mm), the trace width W is 0.8mm, the spacing S is 1.2mm, and the calculated \\(Z_{diff}\\) is approximately 100\u03a9.<\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"46\" data-line=\"true\"><h3 class=\"heading-h3\">2.3 Application Scenarios and Key Design Notes<\/h3><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"47\" data-line=\"true\">Differential impedance design is the core of high-speed signal transmission (transmission rate \u2265 1Gbps, frequency \u2265 1GHz), and its typical applications include:<\/div><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>Communication interfaces<\/b>: USB 4.0 (10Gbps), HDMI 2.1 (48Gbps), Ethernet 10GBASE-T (10Gbps);<\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>High-performance computing<\/b>: PCIe 5.0 (32Gbps) in server motherboards, DDR5 memory differential pairs;<\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>Automotive electronics<\/b>: Automotive Ethernet (100BASE-T1, 1000BASE-T1) for autonomous driving domain controllers.<\/li><\/ul><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"51\" data-line=\"true\">Key design notes to avoid performance degradation:<\/div><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>Equal length<\/b>: The length difference between the two traces of the differential pair must be \u2264 5mil (0.127mm) to prevent signal skew (time delay between the two signals);<\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>Parallel routing<\/b>: Avoid bending or branching the differential pair (bending will change the spacing S, leading to impedance discontinuity);<\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>Ground protection<\/b>: Add ground vias every 500mil (12.7mm) on both sides of the differential pair to enhance shielding and reduce crosstalk.<\/li><\/ul><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"55\" data-line=\"true\"><h3 class=\"heading-h3\">2.4 Illustration<\/h3><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"56\" data-line=\"true\">**<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/example.com\/differential-impedance-detail.png\" alt=\"\u5dee\u5206\u963b\u6297\u5bf9\u7ed3\u6784\" \/><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"57\" data-line=\"true\">The diagram shows a top view (left) and cross-section (right) of a stripline differential pair. The two red traces (W = 0.8mm, S = 1.2mm) are embedded between two green ground planes (B = 2.0mm). The blue arrows indicate the direction of the differential signals (opposite phases), and the black dots represent ground vias for shielding.<\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"58\" data-line=\"true\"><h2 class=\"heading-h2\">3. Stripline Impedance Design: The \"High-Frequency Shielded Type\" for Anti-Interference<\/h2><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"59\" data-line=\"true\">Stripline impedance design refers to a transmission line structure where the signal trace is completely embedded between two parallel ground planes (or one ground plane and one power plane). It belongs to a \"fully shielded\" transmission line, with excellent anti-electromagnetic interference (EMI) and anti-crosstalk capabilities, making it suitable for high-frequency analog signals (such as RF signals) and sensitive high-speed digital signals.<\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"60\" data-line=\"true\"><h3 class=\"heading-h3\">3.1 Structural Advantages and Performance Characteristics<\/h3><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"61\" data-line=\"true\">Compared with microstrip lines (surface-mounted), stripline has three core advantages:<\/div><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>Complete shielding<\/b>: The upper and lower ground planes form a \"Faraday cage\" around the trace, blocking external EMI and preventing the trace from radiating electromagnetic energy outward;<\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>Stable impedance<\/b>: Not affected by the external environment (such as dust, moisture on the PCB surface), and the impedance fluctuation range is \u2264 \u00b13% (microstrip lines may have \u00b15% fluctuation);<\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>Low crosstalk<\/b>: The shielded structure reduces the coupling between adjacent traces. For example, the crosstalk between two striplines 2mm apart is 15dB lower than that of microstrip lines.<\/li><\/ul><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"65\" data-line=\"true\"><h3 class=\"heading-h3\">3.2 Impedance Calculation and Material Matching<\/h3><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"66\" data-line=\"true\">For a single-ended stripline (common in RF circuits), the characteristic impedance calculation formula is:<\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"67\" data-line=\"true\">\\(Z_0 = \\frac{60}{\\sqrt{\\epsilon_r}} \\ln\\left(\\frac{2B}{0.8W + T}\\right)\\)<\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"68\" data-line=\"true\">where \\(B\\) is the distance between the two ground planes (equal to the total thickness of the substrate between the upper and lower grounds).<\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"69\" data-line=\"true\">In high-frequency applications (such as 5G RF modules), the substrate material must be matched with the stripline. For example, when designing a 50\u03a9 stripline for a 28GHz millimeter-wave signal, a PTFE substrate (\\(\\epsilon_r\\) = 2.2, Df = 0.0005) is selected instead of FR-4 (Df = 0.02) to reduce signal attenuation (the attenuation of PTFE at 28GHz is only 1\/4 of FR-4).<\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"70\" data-line=\"true\"><h3 class=\"heading-h3\">3.3 Application Scenarios and Process Requirements<\/h3><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"71\" data-line=\"true\">Stripline impedance design is mainly used in scenarios with strict requirements for EMI and signal stability:<\/div><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>RF communication<\/b>: 5G base station RF modules (connecting transceivers to filters), satellite communication equipment (L-band, Ku-band signal lines);<\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>Test and measurement instruments<\/b>: Oscilloscope probe lines (requiring low noise and high signal fidelity), signal generator output lines;<\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>Medical equipment<\/b>: MRI machine control circuits (resisting strong magnetic field interference), ultrasonic probe signal lines.<\/li><\/ul><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"75\" data-line=\"true\">The manufacturing process of stripline has higher requirements:<\/div><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>Substrate uniformity<\/b>: The thickness deviation of the substrate between the two ground planes must be \u2264 5% (otherwise, the impedance will be uneven);<\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>Layer alignment<\/b>: The upper and lower ground planes must be strictly parallel, with an alignment error \u2264 25\u03bcm (preventing the trace from being offset and the shielding effect from being reduced);<\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>Via processing<\/b>: Ground vias connecting the upper and lower ground planes must be arranged densely (every 300mil) to ensure the two ground planes are at the same potential.<\/li><\/ul><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"79\" data-line=\"true\"><h3 class=\"heading-h3\">3.4 Illustration<\/h3><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"80\" data-line=\"true\">**<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/example.com\/stripline-impedance-detail.png\" alt=\"\u5e26\u72b6\u7ebf\u963b\u6297\u7ed3\u6784\" \/><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"81\" data-line=\"true\">The cross-sectional view shows the stripline structure: the yellow signal trace (W = 0.6mm, T = 35\u03bcm) is embedded in the gray PTFE substrate (\\(\\epsilon_r\\) = 2.2), with green upper and lower ground planes (B = 1.8mm). The black vias are ground vias connecting the two ground planes, forming a closed shielding structure. The red arrow indicates the high-frequency RF signal transmission direction.<\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"82\" data-line=\"true\"><h2 class=\"heading-h2\">4. Microstrip Impedance Design: The \"Cost-Effective Type\" for Versatile Applications<\/h2><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"83\" data-line=\"true\">Microstrip impedance design is a transmission line structure where the signal trace is located on the surface of the PCB, with a single ground plane (or power plane) parallel to it below the substrate. It is the most widely used impedance design type in PCB engineering, balancing performance, cost, and manufacturability.<\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"84\" data-line=\"true\"><h3 class=\"heading-h3\">4.1 Structural Characteristics and Performance Trade-Offs<\/h3><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"85\" data-line=\"true\">The microstrip line has a \"semi-open\" structure (the trace is exposed to the air), which leads to a trade-off between performance and cost:<\/div><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>Advantages<\/b>: Simple manufacturing (no need for embedding between layers), easy visual inspection (convenient for debugging and maintenance), and low cost (compatible with ordinary single-sided\/double-sided PCB processes);<\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>Disadvantages<\/b>: Poor EMI resistance (the exposed trace radiates electromagnetic energy), affected by the external environment (air's \\(\\epsilon_r\\) \u2248 1, which will change the overall dielectric constant if there is moisture or dust, leading to impedance fluctuations), and higher crosstalk than stripline.<\/li><\/ul><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"88\" data-line=\"true\">To make up for these shortcomings, microstrip lines are often optimized with \"grounding vias\" (adding vias on both sides of the trace to connect to the ground plane) or \"shielding covers\" (adding metal covers above the trace) in practical applications.<\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"89\" data-line=\"true\"><h3 class=\"heading-h3\">4.2 Impedance Calculation and Engineering Optimization<\/h3><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"90\" data-line=\"true\">The characteristic impedance calculation formula for microstrip lines is the same as that for single-ended microstrip traces (mentioned in Section 1.2). However, since the trace is exposed to air, the actual dielectric constant (\\(\\epsilon_{eff}\\)) is a weighted average of the substrate's \\(\\epsilon_r\\) and air's \\(\\epsilon_r\\) (\u22481), so the formula needs to be adjusted for the effective dielectric constant:<\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"91\" data-line=\"true\">\\(\\epsilon_{eff} = \\frac{\\epsilon_r + 1}{2} + \\frac{\\epsilon_r - 1}{2} \\times \\frac{1}{\\sqrt{1 + \\frac{12H}{W}}}\\)<\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"92\" data-line=\"true\">\\(Z_0 = \\frac{120\\pi}{\\sqrt{\\epsilon_{eff}}} \\times \\frac{1}{\\frac{W}{H} + 1.393 + 0.667\\ln\\left(\\frac{W}{H} + 1.444\\right)}\\)<\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"93\" data-line=\"true\">In engineering, for example, when designing a 75\u03a9 microstrip line for a video signal (HDMI video channel) on an FR-4 substrate (\\(\\epsilon_r\\) = 4.5, H = 1.2mm), the calculated W is 2.0mm. To reduce EMI, a ground via (diameter 0.3mm) is added every 400mil on both sides of the trace, and the distance between the via and the trace is 0.5mm (to avoid affecting the trace's impedance).<\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"94\" data-line=\"true\"><h3 class=\"heading-h3\">4.3 Application Scenarios and Typical Cases<\/h3><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"95\" data-line=\"true\">Microstrip impedance design is suitable for most medium-speed, medium-frequency scenarios (transmission rate 100Mbps-1Gbps, frequency 100MHz-1GHz), and its typical applications include:<\/div><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u6d88\u8d39\u7535\u5b50\u4ea7\u54c1<\/span><\/span><\/b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\uff1a\u7b14\u8bb0\u672c\u6db2\u6676\u5c4f\u5e55\u4fe1\u53f7\u7ebf\uff0875\u03a9 \u5fae\u5e26\u7ebf\uff09\uff0c\u667a\u80fd\u624b\u673a\u76f8\u673a\u6a21\u5757\u4fe1\u53f7\u7ebf\uff0850\u03a9 \u5fae\u5e26\u7ebf\uff09\uff1b<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u6c7d\u8f66\u7535\u5b50<\/span><\/span><\/b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\uff1a\u8f66\u8f7d\u4fe1\u606f\u5a31\u4e50\u7cfb\u7edfLVDS\u4fe1\u53f7\u7ebf\uff08100\u03a9\u5dee\u5206\u5fae\u5e26\u5bf9\uff09\uff0c\u4eea\u8868\u677f\u663e\u793a\u4fe1\u53f7\u7ebf\uff1b<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u5de5\u4e1a\u7535\u5b50<\/span><\/span><\/b><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\uff1aPLC\uff08\u53ef\u7f16\u7a0b\u903b\u8f91\u63a7\u5236\u5668\uff09\u6a21\u62df\u4fe1\u53f7\u7ebf\uff084-20mA\u7535\u6d41\u4fe1\u53f7\uff0c50\u03a9\u5fae\u5e26\u7ebf\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"99\" data-line=\"true\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\"><span style=\"vertical-align: inherit;\">\u4e00\u4e2a\u5178\u578b\u7684\u4f8b\u5b50\u662f\u4e3a\u4e00\u4e2aWi-Fi 6\u6a21\u5757\uff082.4GHz\/5GHz\uff09\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4e00\u4e2a50\u03a9\u5fae\u5e26\u7ebf\u3002\u8be5\u6a21\u5757\u4f7f\u7528FR-4\u57fa\u677f\uff08H = 0.8mm\uff09\uff0c\u8d70\u7ebf\u5bbd\u5ea6W = 0.8mm\uff0c\u5e76\u5728\u8d70\u7ebf\u5468\u56f4\u6dfb\u52a0\u4e86\u63a5\u5730\u901a\u5b54\u3002\u8fd9\u4e2a\u8bbe\u8ba1\u786e\u4fdd\u4e86<\/span><\/span><\/div><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"100\" data-line=\"true\"><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"0\" data-line=\"true\"><h3 class=\"heading-h3\">Single - Ended Impedance Standards<\/h3><\/div><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>Impedance Values<\/b>: In most general - purpose applications, a 50 - ohm single - ended impedance is a widely - adopted standard. This value is favored because it offers a good balance between minimizing signal reflection and being compatible with a vast array of components, such as many integrated circuits, connectors, and test equipment. For example, in RF (Radio Frequency) circuits, 50 - ohm traces are common as they match the output impedance of most RF sources and loads, ensuring efficient power transfer. In addition to 50 - ohms, 75 - ohm single - ended impedance is also used in specific applications, particularly in video signal transmission. Video coaxial cables, for instance, often have a characteristic impedance of 75 ohms. When designing PCB traces for video signals (like composite video or some digital video interfaces in legacy systems), the single - ended impedance of the PCB trace may be designed to match this 75 - ohm standard to prevent signal degradation.<\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>Tolerance<\/b>: The industry typically aims for a tight tolerance in single - ended impedance. A tolerance of \u00b15% is common in high - performance applications, while in less - critical scenarios, a tolerance of up to \u00b110% might be acceptable. For example, in a consumer electronics device where the cost - performance balance is crucial, a \u00b110% tolerance might be sufficient for single - ended impedance on non - high - speed signal traces. However, in aerospace or medical equipment, where signal integrity is of utmost importance, a \u00b15% or even tighter tolerance is required.<\/li><\/ul><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"3\" data-line=\"true\"><h3 class=\"heading-h3\">Differential Impedance Standards<\/h3><\/div><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>Impedance Values<\/b>: For high - speed digital interfaces, specific differential impedance values are standardized. In USB 3.0 and PCIe 4.0, a differential impedance of 100 ohms is the standard. This is because these interfaces operate at high data rates (up to 10 Gbps in USB 3.0 and 16 Gbps per lane in PCIe 4.0), and a 100 - ohm differential impedance helps in maintaining signal integrity by reducing crosstalk and ensuring proper signal transmission. Ethernet interfaces also often adhere to a differential impedance standard. For 10GBASE - T Ethernet, a differential impedance of 100 ohms is typical. This standard is crucial for reliable data transmission over twisted - pair cables connected to the PCB, as it ensures compatibility with the Ethernet cabling system and minimizes signal reflections. HDMI 2.0 has a differential impedance standard of 90 ohms. Given the high - bandwidth video and audio signals it transmits (supporting up to 18 Gbps data rate), this 90 - ohm differential impedance helps in achieving the required signal quality and integrity for high - definition content delivery.<\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>Length Matching and Skew<\/b>: In differential pair design, the length difference between the two traces in a pair must be minimized. The industry standard for length skew in high - speed applications is typically \u22645 mils (0.127 mm). For example, in high - performance computing systems, where data transfer rates are extremely high (such as in server motherboards with PCIe 5.0 interfaces running at 32 Gbps per lane), maintaining this low skew is crucial. Even a small skew can cause signal misalignment at the receiving end, leading to data errors.<\/li><\/ul><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"6\" data-line=\"true\"><h3 class=\"heading-h3\">Stripline and Microstrip - Specific Standards<\/h3><\/div><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>Stripline<\/b>:<\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet2\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet2\"><b>Shielding and Layer Alignment<\/b>: In stripline design, especially for high - frequency applications like 5G RF modules, the shielding provided by the upper and lower ground planes is critical. The alignment tolerance between the upper and lower ground planes should be within \u226425\u03bcm. This ensures that the signal trace is properly centered between the ground planes, maintaining the integrity of the \"Faraday cage\" - like shielding structure. Any misalignment can lead to uneven impedance and increased susceptibility to electromagnetic interference. The substrate thickness uniformity between the two ground planes is also tightly controlled. A thickness deviation of \u22645% is required to ensure consistent impedance along the stripline. In 5G base station RF modules operating at frequencies such as 28 GHz or 39 GHz, where signal attenuation and interference are major concerns, this strict control over substrate thickness is essential for maintaining signal quality.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet2\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet2\"><b>Via Placement<\/b>: Ground vias connecting the upper and lower ground planes in stripline designs should be placed densely. A common standard is to place them every 300 mils. This ensures that the two ground planes are at the same potential, enhancing the shielding effectiveness and reducing the likelihood of ground - related signal issues.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>Microstrip<\/b>:<\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet2\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet2\"><b>Grounding and Isolation<\/b>: To mitigate the drawbacks of its semi - open structure, microstrip lines often incorporate grounding vias. In applications where electromagnetic interference (EMI) is a concern, such as in Wi - Fi modules operating in the 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands, ground vias are added at regular intervals. A standard practice is to add a ground via (with a diameter typically around 0.3 mm) every 400 mils on both sides of the trace, with a distance of 0.5 mm between the via and the trace to avoid affecting the trace impedance. This helps in reducing EMI radiation from the microstrip trace. When microstrip lines are used in close proximity to other sensitive components or traces, isolation standards come into play. The distance between microstrip lines and other traces or components should be sufficient to minimize crosstalk. A general rule - of - thumb is to maintain a distance of at least 3 times the width of the microstrip trace from other conductors to reduce the risk of crosstalk.<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"12\" data-line=\"true\"><h3 class=\"heading-h3\">Material - Related Standards<\/h3><\/div><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>Dielectric Constant (<\/b>\\(\\epsilon_r\\)<b>) and Loss Tangent (Df)<\/b>: In high - frequency applications, the choice of substrate material is crucial. For example, in 5G communication and high - speed computing, materials with low dielectric constant (\\(\\epsilon_r\\)) and low loss tangent (Df) are preferred. PTFE (Polytetrafluoroethylene) with an \\(\\epsilon_r\\) of around 2.2 and a Df of 0.0005 is often used in 5G RF modules. The low \\(\\epsilon_r\\) helps in reducing signal attenuation, while the low Df minimizes power loss in the form of heat dissipation. In contrast, traditional FR - 4 materials with an \\(\\epsilon_r\\) of approximately 4.5 and a relatively higher Df (around 0.02) are more suitable for lower - frequency applications. When designing PCBs for automotive electronics, which may operate at a range of frequencies, the material selection also needs to consider environmental factors. Materials used in automotive applications should have good thermal stability and mechanical strength in addition to appropriate electrical properties. For example, some modified epoxy - based materials with enhanced thermal characteristics are used in automotive PCBs to withstand the harsh temperature conditions inside a vehicle.<\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>Copper Foil Thickness<\/b>: The thickness of the copper foil used in PCB traces can also be standardized based on the application. For general - purpose PCB designs, 1 oz (35\u03bcm) copper foil is commonly used. However, in applications where higher current - carrying capacity is required, such as in power - related traces in some industrial control boards or high - power amplifier circuits in RF systems, 2 oz (70\u03bcm) or even thicker copper foil may be specified. Thicker copper foil reduces the resistance of the trace, allowing for more efficient power transfer and minimizing power losses in the form of heat generation.<\/li><\/ul><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"15\" data-line=\"true\"><h3 class=\"heading-h3\">Testing and Validation Standards<\/h3><\/div><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>Time - Domain Reflectometry (TDR)<\/b>: TDR is a widely used technique for testing PCB impedance. The industry standard for TDR testing requires accurate measurement of impedance along the length of the trace. The TDR equipment should be able to resolve impedance variations with a high degree of precision, typically within \u00b11 ohm for high - quality PCB designs. This allows for the detection of any impedance discontinuities, such as those caused by trace width changes, vias, or poor solder joints. For example, in a high - speed data transmission line, a TDR test can identify a small impedance bump that could potentially cause signal reflections and degrade the overall signal quality.<\/li><\/ul><ul><li class=\"temp-li bullet1\" data-line=\"true\" data-list=\"bullet1\"><b>Frequency - Domain Analysis<\/b>: In addition to TDR, frequency - domain analysis using vector network analyzers (VNAs) is also an important testing method. VNAs can measure the insertion loss, return loss, and impedance of PCB traces over a wide frequency range. The industry standard for frequency - domain analysis in high - speed and high - frequency PCB designs requires measurement accuracy within a certain dB range for insertion and return loss. For example, in a 5G antenna feed line, the insertion loss measured by a VNA should be within a specified range (e.g., \u22640.5 dB) over the operating frequency band of the 5G system to ensure efficient power transfer from the transmitter to the antenna.<\/li><\/ul><div data-zone-id=\"0\" data-line-index=\"18\" data-line=\"true\">\u00a0<\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-afd2ef6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_text_block\" data-id=\"afd2ef6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_text_block.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-text-block reset-last-child text-left\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2638039 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_image_or_svg\" data-id=\"2638039\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_image_or_svg.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"wd-image text-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1253\" height=\"836\" src=\"https:\/\/ulpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/a5ddf88c-390e-456f-afc5-63946a09bde7.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/a5ddf88c-390e-456f-afc5-63946a09bde7.png 1253w, https:\/\/ulpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/a5ddf88c-390e-456f-afc5-63946a09bde7-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/ulpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/a5ddf88c-390e-456f-afc5-63946a09bde7-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/ulpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/a5ddf88c-390e-456f-afc5-63946a09bde7-768x512.png 768w, https:\/\/ulpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/a5ddf88c-390e-456f-afc5-63946a09bde7-18x12.png 18w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1253px) 100vw, 1253px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Home\u9875\u9762 Datasheet \u7efc\u5408\u7c7b\u578b\u7684PCB\u963b\u6297\u8bbe\u8ba1 **\u5728\u5370\u5237\u7535\u8def\u677f\uff08PCB\uff09\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u590d\u6742\u751f\u6001\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\uff0c\u963b\u6297\u63a7\u5236\u4f5c\u4e3a\u201c\u9690\u5f62\u5b88\u62a4\u8005\u201d\u4fdd\u969c\u7740\u4fe1\u53f7\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u3002\u5b83\u76f4\u63a5\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u9ad8\u901f\u3001\u9ad8\u9891\u4fe1\u53f7\u80fd\u5426\u7a33\u5b9a\u4f20\u8f93\u800c\u4e0d\u5931\u771f\uff0c\u5e76\u4e14\u57285G\u901a\u4fe1\u3001\u6c7d\u8f66\u7535\u5b50\u548c\u5de5\u4e1a\u63a7\u5236\u7b49\u9886\u57df\u662f\u6838\u5fc3\u79d1\u6280\u3002\u9664\u4e86\u5927\u5bb6\u719f\u77e5\u7684\u5dee\u5206\u963b\u6297\u548c\u5355\u7aef\u963b\u6297\u4e4b\u5916\uff0cPCB\u963b\u6297\u8bbe\u8ba1\u6db5\u76d6\u4e86\u6839\u636e\u4e0d\u540c\u5e94\u7528\u573a\u5408\u5b9a\u5236\u7684\u591a\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u3002\u6bcf\u79cd\u7c7b\u578b\u90fd\u6709\u5176\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\u7279\u5f81\u3001\u8ba1\u7b97\u65b9\u6cd5\u548c\u5e94\u7528\u8fb9\u754c\u3002\u4ee5\u4e0b\u662f\u7ed3\u5408\u5b9e\u9645\u5e94\u7528\u6848\u4f8b\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u56fe\u5bf9\u4e3b\u8981\u7c7b\u578bPCB\u963b\u6297\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u8be6\u7ec6\u5206\u6790\u3002 1. \u5355\u7aef\u963b\u6297\u8bbe\u8ba1\uff1a\u4f4e\u901f\u573a\u666f\u7684\u201c\u57fa\u672c\u901a\u7528\u578b\u201d \u5355-ended\u963b\u6297\u8bbe\u8ba1\u662fPCB\u963b\u6297\u63a7\u5236\u7684\u6700\u57fa\u7840\u5f62\u5f0f\uff0c\u5176\u7ed3\u6784\u7531\u4e00\u6839\u4fe1\u53f7\u8d70\u7ebf\u548c\u4e00\u4e2a\u4f5c\u4e3a\u56de\u8def\u7684\u63a5\u5730\u5e73\u9762\uff08\u6216\u7535\u6e90\u5e73\u9762\uff09\u7ec4\u6210\u3002\u5176\u6838\u5fc3\u662f\u63a7\u5236\u5355\u4e2a\u8d70\u7ebf\u7684\u7279\u6027\u963b\u6297\uff0c\u786e\u4fdd\u963b\u6297\u4e0e\u6e90\u548c\u8d1f\u8f7d\uff08\u5982\u82af\u7247\u3001\u8fde\u63a5\u5668\uff09\u5339\u914d\uff0c\u4ee5\u907f\u514d\u4fe1\u53f7\u53cd\u5c04\u3002 1.1 \u7ed3\u6784\u539f\u5219\u548c\u5173\u952e\u5f71\u54cd\u56e0\u7d20 \u5355\u7aef\u963b\u6297\u8ff9\u7ebf\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u201c\u4fe1\u53f7\u8ff9\u7ebf &#8211; 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