{"id":464,"date":"2025-08-25T09:51:50","date_gmt":"2025-08-25T01:51:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ulpcb.com\/?page_id=464"},"modified":"2025-08-31T23:21:51","modified_gmt":"2025-08-31T15:21:51","slug":"equipment-d","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/ulpcb.com\/ar\/pcb-equipment\/equipment-d\/","title":{"rendered":"Equipment D"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"464\" class=\"elementor elementor-464\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-negative-gap elementor-element elementor-element-687d5a4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"687d5a4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a8b188 wd-el-breadcrumbs text-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_element_breadcrumbs\" data-id=\"9a8b188\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_element_breadcrumbs.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<nav class=\"wd-breadcrumbs\"><a href=\"https:\/\/ulpcb.com\/ar\/\">Home<\/a><span class=\"wd-delimiter\"><\/span><span class=\"wd-last\">\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/nav>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"wd-negative-gap elementor-element elementor-element-6f64d56 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"6f64d56\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f3cdc0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f3cdc0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89461f9 wd-width-100 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_images_gallery\" data-id=\"89461f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_images_gallery.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-images-gallery photoswipe-images wd-carousel-container\" style=\"--wd-align-items:center; --wd-justify-content:center;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-carousel-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-carousel wd-grid\" data-wrap=\"yes\" style=\"--wd-col-lg:1;--wd-col-md:1;--wd-col-sm:1;--wd-gap-lg:0px;\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-carousel-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-gallery-item wd-carousel-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a  href=\"https:\/\/ulpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/AOI-test.jpg\" data-width=\"750\" data-height=\"1000\" data-index=\"1\" data-elementor-open-lightbox=\"no\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"400\" src=\"https:\/\/ulpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/AOI-test-600x400.jpg\" class=\"attachment-600x400 size-600x400\" alt=\"Equipment for testing open circuits and short circuits of circuit boards\" \/>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-nav-arrows wd-pos-sep wd-hover-1 wd-icon-1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-btn-arrow wd-prev wd-disabled\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-arrow-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-btn-arrow wd-next\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-arrow-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-nav-pagin-wrap text-center wd-style-shape wd-hide-md-sm wd-hide-sm\">\n\t\t\t<ul class=\"wd-nav-pagin\"><\/ul>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17f8c76 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"17f8c76\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1ae049 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d1ae049\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h1 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">AOI Test<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5a45c2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_text_block\" data-id=\"d5a45c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_text_block.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-text-block reset-last-child text-left\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<p>PCB AOI (Automatic Optical Inspection) is a core device in PCB production that combines optical imaging with intelligent algorithms to achieve automatic defect identification. Its core principle can be summarized as \"optically capture details \u2192 algorithmically compare differences \u2192 determine defect types\". Essentially, it replaces manual inspection with machine vision, addressing the pain points of low - efficiency, poor - precision, and easy - fatigue in manual inspection<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a8e1c9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4a8e1c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09ca792 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_popup\" data-id=\"09ca792\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_popup.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-button-wrapper text-left\" >\n\t\t\t<a class=\"btn btn-style-default btn-shape-rectangle btn-size-default wd-open-popup btn-color-primary btn-icon-pos-right\"  href=\"#quote\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"wd-btn-text\" data-elementor-setting-key=\"text\">\n\t\t\t\t\tGet a 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class=\"e-n-tab-title-text\">\n\t\t\t\tDatasheet\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-tabs-content\">\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"e-n-tab-content-1931842071\" role=\"tabpanel\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-tab-title-1931842071\" data-tab-index=\"1\" style=\"--n-tabs-title-order: 1;\" class=\"e-active elementor-element elementor-element-1c0eef9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1c0eef9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"wd-negative-gap elementor-element elementor-element-dc35c49 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"dc35c49\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7251716 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_text_block\" data-id=\"7251716\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_text_block.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-text-block reset-last-child text-left\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">I. Core Process of PCB AOI Testing: Completing Automatic Detection in 4 Steps<\/h3><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">The entire process can be divided into four consecutive steps: \"image acquisition \u2192 image pre - processing \u2192 defect identification \u2192 result output\". All steps are completed in milliseconds to ensure adaptation to the high - speed operation of the PCB production line (usually the detection speed can reach 0.5 - 2 meters per minute).<\/div><h4 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">1. Image Acquisition: Capturing PCB Details with \"Optical Eyes\"<\/h4><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">This is the basis of detection. The physical characteristics of the PCB need to be converted into analyzable digital images through an optical system. The core components and their functions are as follows:<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\" \/><strong>Light Source System<\/strong>: It uses multi - angle and multi - spectral light sources (such as red and blue LED lights, and some high - end devices include ultraviolet\/infrared light) to solve the problem of reflective interference from different materials on the PCB surface (copper foil, solder resist green oil, silk - screened characters). For example:<\/div><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br\"><li>Orthogonal light source (vertical illumination) is used to detect surface flatness (such as solder resist bubbles).<\/li><li>Oblique light source (45\u00b0\/60\u00b0 illumination) is used to highlight edge defects (such as circuit gaps, copper residue).<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\" \/><strong>Optical Lens<\/strong>: It is equipped with high - resolution industrial lenses (usually with a resolution of 5 - 20\u03bcm\/pixel) to ensure clear capture of tiny details (such as a 0.1mm line - width circuit, 0.2mm aperture).<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\" \/><strong>Industrial Camera<\/strong>: Most use CCD or CMOS cameras to convert optical signals into digital electrical signals, generating 2D grayscale images or 3D height images (some devices support 3D detection for identifying warping, protrusions, etc.).<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\" \/><strong>Motion Control<\/strong>: The conveyor belt drives the PCB to move at a constant speed, and the camera takes continuous photos at fixed intervals (or trigger signals) and stitches them into a complete panoramic image of the PCB.<\/li><\/ul><h4 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">2. Image Pre - processing: \"Optimizing Images\" to Reduce Interference<\/h4><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">The collected original images may contain noise (such as dust reflection, light source fluctuations), and need to be pre - processed by algorithms to improve image quality for subsequent identification. Common operations include:<\/div><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br\"><li><strong>Noise Reduction<\/strong>: \"Gaussian filter\" and \"median filter\" are used to eliminate noise points in the image, avoiding misjudgment as tiny defects.<\/li><li><strong>Gray - scale Correction<\/strong>: To unify the brightness differences in different regions (such as uneven illumination between the edge and the center of the PCB), ensuring that the gray - scale characteristics of the same defect are consistent in the image.<\/li><li><strong>Image Segmentation<\/strong>: The image is split according to the PCB structure (circuit area, solder - resist area, silk - screen area), and detection parameters are adjusted accordingly (such as focusing on edge detection in the circuit area and character integrity in the silk - screen area).<\/li><\/ul><h4 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">3. Defect Identification: \"Comparison + Analysis\" to Find Anomalies<\/h4><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">This is the core part of AOI, and defect determination is achieved through two mainstream algorithms:<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\" \/><strong>(1) Template Matching Method (Most Commonly Used, Suitable for Mass - produced Standardized PCBs)<\/strong><\/div><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br\"><li><strong>Establishing a Standard Template<\/strong>: First, scan 1 - 3 \"qualified PCBs\" that have been re - inspected by manual labor to generate a high - precision standard image template, storing feature parameters such as the position, size, and grayscale of circuits, pads, and silk - screening.<\/li><li><strong>Real - time Image Alignment<\/strong>: Align the coordinates of the image of the PCB to be detected with the standard template (correcting the position deviation caused by conveyor belt offset).<\/li><li><strong>Pixel - level Comparison<\/strong>: Compare the grayscale values and shape contours of the two pixel by pixel. When the difference in a certain area exceeds the preset threshold (such as a grayscale difference &gt; 30, size deviation &gt; 0.05mm), it is marked as a \"suspected defect area\".<br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\" \/><strong>(2) Feature Extraction Method (Suitable for Non - standard PCBs or Complex Defects)<\/strong><br class=\"container-utlnW2 wrapper-d0Cc1k undefined\" \/>It does not rely on a standard template, but directly extracts the \"typical features\" of defects from the image to be detected for determination. For example:<\/li><li><strong>Circuit Defects (Gaps, Short - circuits)<\/strong>: Extract the edge continuity feature. If there are breakpoints or abnormal connections in the circuit edge, it is determined as a defect.<\/li><li><strong>Solder - resist Defects (Bubbles, Exposed Copper)<\/strong>: Extract the grayscale mutation feature. If there are local highlights (exposed copper) or dark spots (bubbles) in the solder - resist green - oil area, it is determined as a defect.<\/li><li><strong>Silk - screen Defects (Missing Printing, Blurring)<\/strong>: Extract the character's contour clarity and stroke integrity features. If the character is missing or the edge is blurred, it is determined as a defect.<\/li><\/ul><h4 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">4. Result Output: Classification, Annotation, and Data Recording<\/h4><ul class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br\"><li><strong>Defect Classification<\/strong>: The algorithm automatically classifies defects into specific types such as \"circuit gap\", \"solder - resist bubble\", \"missing silk - screening\", \"pad offset\" according to the shape, position, and grayscale characteristics of the defects.<\/li><li><strong>Visual Annotation<\/strong>: Mark the defect positions with different - colored boxes on the detection interface and display the defect size (such as \"gap length 0.2mm\").<\/li><li><strong>Data Storage<\/strong>: Automatically record the detection results of each PCB (qualified\/unqualified, defect type\/quantity) and generate reports for production traceability (such as if the solder - resist defect rate of a certain batch of PCBs exceeds the standard, parameters of the solder - resist process can be adjusted by tracing back).<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">II. Core Technical Advantages of PCB AOI: Solving the Pain Points of Manual Inspection<\/h3><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">Compared with manual inspection using magnifying glasses\/microscopes, the core advantages of AOI come from its technical characteristics, which are also the key to its popularization in the PCB industry:<\/div><p>\u00a0<\/p><ul class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br\"><li><strong>High Detection Efficiency<\/strong>: A single device can detect 1 - 2 PCBs per minute (depending on the board size), 5 - 10 times the efficiency of manual inspection, adapting to mass - production requirements.<\/li><li><strong>Accurate Detection Precision<\/strong>: It can identify tiny defects as small as 5\u03bcm (such as fine copper residue), avoiding missed or misjudgments caused by human fatigue and visual errors.<\/li><li><strong>Comprehensive Detection Range<\/strong>: It covers the entire PCB production process (inner - layer circuits, outer - layer circuits, solder resist, silk - screening, final product inspection), and can detect more than 20 common defects.<\/li><li><strong>Data Traceability<\/strong>: Automatically store all detection data and support connection with the MES production system, facilitating the analysis of the root causes of defects (such as quickly locating and adjusting when the defect rate of a certain process increases).<\/li><\/ul><h3 class=\"header-vfC6AV auto-hide-last-sibling-br\">III. Common Detection Defect Types and Identification Logic of PCB AOI<\/h3><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br paragraph-JOTKXA paragraph-element br-paragraph-space\">The defect characteristics of PCBs in different processes are different, and AOI will adjust the detection strategy accordingly. The typical ones are as follows:<\/div><p>\u00a0<\/p><div class=\"auto-hide-last-sibling-br mdbox-table-root table-container-GhL7Lo\" data-scroll-inline-overflow=\"true\" data-scroll-inline-at-start=\"true\" data-scroll-inline-start-overflow=\"false\" data-scroll-inline-at-end=\"false\" data-scroll-inline-end-overflow=\"true\"><div class=\"table-scroll-container-hgHkfW mdbox-table-scroll-container\"><table><thead><tr><th>Detection Process<\/th><th>Common Defects<\/th><th>AOI Identification Logic<\/th><\/tr><\/thead><tbody><tr><td>Inner - layer Circuits<\/td><td>Circuit gaps, short - circuits, line - width deviation, pinholes<\/td><td>Compare the circuit edge contours of the standard template. If there are breakpoints (gaps), abnormal connections (short - circuits), or width deviations exceeding the threshold, it is determined as a defect.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Outer - layer Circuits<\/td><td>Pad offset, exposed copper, uneven coating<\/td><td>Use an oblique light source to highlight the pad edges, compare with the standard position coordinates (offset exceeding 0.1mm is determined as a defect); detect uneven coating through grayscale uniformity.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Solder - resist Process<\/td><td>Solder - resist bubbles, scratches, missing printing, misalignment<\/td><td>Under the orthogonal light source, bubbles appear as \"dark spots\" (grayscale lower than the normal area); scratches appear as \"bright lines\" (reflective differences); compare the solder - resist pattern with the circuit position to determine misalignment.<\/td><\/tr><tr><td>Silk - screen Process<\/td><td>Missing character printing, blurring, wrong printing, offset<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/div><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a158de elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_text_block\" data-id=\"5a158de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_text_block.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"wd-text-block reset-last-child text-left\">\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f15e24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-wd_image_or_svg\" data-id=\"0f15e24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"wd_image_or_svg.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t<div class=\"wd-image text-left\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"1000\" src=\"https:\/\/ulpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/AOI-test.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full\" alt=\"Equipment for testing open circuits and short circuits of circuit boards\" srcset=\"https:\/\/ulpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/AOI-test.jpg 750w, https:\/\/ulpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/AOI-test-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/ulpcb.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/AOI-test-9x12.jpg 9w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Home\u9875\u9762 AOI Test PCB AOI (Automatic Optical Inspection) is a core device in PCB production that combines optical imaging with<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":33,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-464","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulpcb.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/464","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulpcb.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulpcb.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulpcb.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulpcb.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=464"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/ulpcb.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/464\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":890,"href":"https:\/\/ulpcb.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/464\/revisions\/890"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ulpcb.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/33"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ulpcb.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=464"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}